For those seeking a reliable, high-quality espresso experience, De Longhi remains a top choice among coffee enthusiasts. The lineup offers options ranging from compact, budget-friendly models to fully automatic machines with advanced features. The best overall pick, the De’Longhi Eletta Explore, balances performance and versatility, while the Dedica provides a more affordable, straightforward option. However, buyers often face tradeoffs between price, ease of use, and customization. Continue reading to see how these models compare and which one fits your coffee needs best.
Get coffee and tea gear delivered free — and shop member deals
- Fast, free delivery on millions of items
- Access to Prime Big Deal Days deals on October 6–7
- Prime Video, Amazon Music and more included
Complete the kit
Key Takeaways
- The top-ranked De Longhi machines combine ease of operation with high-quality espresso extraction.
- Price often correlates with features; more advanced models offer automation but come at a higher cost.
- Built-in grinders and milk frothers are common in premium picks, but may add complexity or maintenance needs.
- Compact models like the Dedica excel for small kitchens, while full automation suits busy mornings.
- Choosing the right machine depends heavily on user experience level and specific coffee preferences.
| De’Longhi Eletta Explore Espresso Machine with Coffee Grinder and Milk Frother |  | Best Overall for Versatility and Advanced Features | Number of Recipes: 50+ | Grind Settings: 13 | Display: 3.5″ TFT full-touch | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| De’Longhi Dedica Espresso Machine, 15-Bar Pump, Frother, Stainless Steel |  | Best Compact and Easy-to-Use for Small Spaces | Pressure: 15-bar | Material: Stainless Steel | Width: 6 inches | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| De’Longhi Dinamica Plus Fully Automatic Espresso Machine |  | Best for Multiple Users and Customization | Brew Types: 24+ including latte, espresso, cappuccino, iced coffee | User Profiles: Up to 4 | Display: 3.5” TFT full-touch | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| De’Longhi COM530M All-In-One Combination Coffee and Espresso Machine, 47 ounces |  | Best for Versatile Coffee Styles in a Large Capacity | Capacity: 47 ounces | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown | ||
| De’Longhi La Specialista Arte Evo Espresso Machine with Coffee Grinder |  | Best for Barista-Quality Coffee with Complete Accessories | Built-in Grinder: Conical burr, 15 settings | Cold Brew Technology: Yes, developed with SCA | Steam Wand: Commercial-style | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| De’Longhi PrimaDonna Aromatic Fully Automatic Espresso Machine |  | Best Overall Fully Automatic Espresso Machine | Bean Recognition Technology: Yes | Grinding Technology: Adaptive Grinding | Number of Recipes: 38 | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| De’Longhi La Specialista Touch Espresso Machine with Coffee Grinder |  | Best for Advanced Home Baristas | Grinder Settings: 15 | Preset Recipes: 10 | Milk Frothing Levels: 5 | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| De’Longhi Classic Matte Black Espresso Machine with Milk Frother |  | Best Compact and Easy-to-Use Espresso Machine | Pressure: 9-bar | Temperature Control: Thermoblock technology | Frothing System: Steam wand with two settings | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| De’Longhi La Specialista Arte Evo Espresso Machine with Cold Brew, EC9255M (Renewed) |  | Best for Cold Brew and Versatility | Model: EC9255M | Features: Built-in burr grinder, Cold Extraction Tech | Pump Pressure: 15 bar | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| De’Longhi Rivelia Automatic Espresso Machine, Milk Frother, Black |  | Best for Convenience and Personalization | Bean Hoppers: Two 8.8 oz interchangeable | Grinder Settings: 13 | Frother: Automatic with LatteCrema Hot System | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
More Details on Our Top Picks
De’Longhi Eletta Explore Espresso Machine with Coffee Grinder and Milk Frother
The De’Longhi Eletta Explore stands out for its impressive combination of versatility and user-friendly technology. Its 50+ recipes, including hot and cold options like cold brew in under 3 minutes, make it a top choice for those who enjoy experimenting with drinks. Compared with the De’Longhi Dinamica Plus, it offers more customization and a larger touchscreen, but this comes with a steeper learning curve and a higher price. The built-in grinder with 13 settings ensures fresh coffee, while the full-touch display simplifies navigation. However, its complex features might overwhelm beginners and require more frequent cleaning. Ideal for coffee enthusiasts seeking variety and advanced features, but less so for those wanting a straightforward machine.
Pros:- Over 50 recipes including hot and cold drinks
- Built-in grinder with 13 adjustable settings
- Intuitive 3.5″ full-touch TFT display
- Fast cold brew in under 3 minutes
Cons:- Learning curve due to complex features
- Higher price point compared to simpler models
- Removable parts may require frequent cleaning
Best for: Home baristas who prioritize variety, customization, and tech features
Not ideal for: Casual users or those with limited space, due to its complexity and size
- Number of Recipes:50+
- Grind Settings:13
- Display:3.5″ TFT full-touch
- Milk Frothing Technology:LatteCrema Hot & Cold Foam
- Cold Brew Time:Under 3 minutes
- Travel Mug Included:Yes
Our verdict“Best suited for dedicated coffee lovers who want a versatile machine with advanced customization options.”
De’Longhi Dedica Espresso Machine, 15-Bar Pump, Frother, Stainless Steel
The De’Longhi Dedica offers a sleek, space-efficient design with a powerful 15-bar pump that delivers quality espresso comparable to larger machines like the La Specialista Arte Evo. Its slim profile makes it ideal for small kitchens, yet it still produces rich crema thanks to the high-pressure pump. Unlike the Eletta Explore, it lacks advanced automation or multiple recipes, focusing instead on straightforward espresso brewing and manual milk frothing. The manual steam wand requires practice for perfect foam, which could frustrate beginners. Its dishwasher-safe parts and simple operation make it a convenient choice for those who value quick setup and cleanup.
Pros:- Slim, space-saving design
- Professional 15-bar pressure for rich espresso
- Easy to clean with dishwasher-safe parts
- Manual steam frother for customizable foam
Cons:- Manual frother requires practice for perfect foam
- Limited capacity for larger cups or multiple servings
Best for: Small kitchen owners or individuals seeking a compact, stylish espresso machine with manual control
Not ideal for: Users wanting a fully automatic experience or broad recipe variety
- Pressure:15-bar
- Material:Stainless Steel
- Width:6 inches
- Frother:Manual steam
- Water Tank:Removable
- Dishwasher Safe Parts:Yes
Our verdict“A perfect fit for those who need a compact, straightforward espresso maker with manual frothing skills.”
De’Longhi Dinamica Plus Fully Automatic Espresso Machine
The De’Longhi Dinamica Plus excels at providing personalized drinks for multiple users, thanks to its ability to store up to four profiles and an intuitive 3.5″ TFT touch display. It offers more than 24 recipes, including lattes and iced coffee, making it a versatile choice over the simpler Dedica. Its built-in conical burr grinder with 13 settings and LatteCrema™ frothing system deliver barista-quality drinks at home. However, its setup can be complex for first-time users, and regular cleaning is needed to maintain performance. Compared with the Eletta Explore, it offers less in cold brew options but compensates with stronger customization and user profiles.
Pros:- Personalized drinks for up to 4 users
- Built-in grinder with 13 settings
- Intuitive color touch display
- Excellent milk frothing with LatteCrema™
Cons:- Complex initial setup
- Requires regular cleaning and maintenance
- Higher price point
Best for: Families or roommates who want quick, personalized coffee options and multiple user profiles
Not ideal for: Single users or those seeking a straightforward machine without extensive customization
- Brew Types:24+ including latte, espresso, cappuccino, iced coffee
- User Profiles:Up to 4
- Display:3.5” TFT full-touch
- Grinder:Conical burr, 13 settings
- Milk Frothing:LatteCrema™
- Connectivity:Smart One-Touch recognition
Our verdict“Ideal for households that value customization, multiple profiles, and a wide recipe range.”
De’Longhi COM530M All-In-One Combination Coffee and Espresso Machine, 47 ounces
The De’Longhi COM530M offers a surprisingly large capacity at 47 ounces, making it suitable for families or frequent coffee drinkers who want both espresso and traditional coffee in one machine. Its all-in-one design provides versatility, but achieving optimal pressure depends heavily on user technique—particularly grind size and tamping. Unlike dedicated espresso machines, it doesn’t automate these steps, which can lead to inconsistent results if not carefully managed. This model is ideal for those who prefer flexibility and brewing capacity but are willing to accept some user input and potential reprogramming. Compared with more automated options like the Dinamica Plus, it offers less convenience but more room for manual control.
Pros:- Large 47-ounce capacity
- All-in-one coffee and espresso brewing
- Versatile for different coffee styles
Cons:- Requires proper grind size and tamping for best results
- Brewing quality depends on user skill
- Possible need for reprogramming when adjusting grind settings
Best for: Families or offices needing a large-capacity machine that can handle both espresso and brewed coffee
Not ideal for: Users seeking precise automation or minimal manual intervention
- Capacity:47 ounces
Our verdict“A flexible, high-capacity machine suited for those comfortable with manual brewing and wanting variety.”
De’Longhi La Specialista Arte Evo Espresso Machine with Coffee Grinder
The De’Longhi La Specialista Arte Evo combines a built-in conical burr grinder with 15 settings, a powerful steam wand, and an active temperature control system, making it a strong choice for home baristas aiming for professional results. Its cold brew technology, developed with the Specialty Coffee Association, allows quick extraction, rivaling dedicated cold brew machines. The included accessories—tamper, dosing funnel, and barista kit—help achieve consistent quality, but the complex setup may challenge beginners. Size-wise, it’s not the most space-efficient, yet it provides a comprehensive package for those willing to learn and invest in quality. Compared to the Dedica, it offers more automation and precision, but at a higher price and size.
Pros:- Conical burr grinder with 15 settings
- Cold extraction technology for fast cold brew
- Powerful steam wand for micro-foam
- Complete barista kit included
Cons:- Complex setup for new users
- Larger size may not fit small kitchens
- Higher price point
Best for: Enthusiasts who want a complete, semi-automatic machine capable of excellent espresso and cold brew
Not ideal for: Beginners or those with limited kitchen space who prefer simple, plug-and-play machines
- Built-in Grinder:Conical burr, 15 settings
- Cold Brew Technology:Yes, developed with SCA
- Steam Wand:Commercial-style
- Temperature Settings:3
- Pump Pressure:15-bar
- Included Accessories:Tamper, funnel, barista kit
Our verdict“Best suited for serious home baristas seeking a multifunctional machine with professional features.”
De’Longhi PrimaDonna Aromatic Fully Automatic Espresso Machine
The De’Longhi PrimaDonna Aromatic stands out for its rich customization options and fully automatic experience, making it ideal for those who want a premium, personalized coffee at the push of a button. Compared with the De’Longhi La Specialista Touch, it offers more recipes and advanced milk textures, but this comes with a more complex setup and a higher price. Its Bean Recognition and Adaptive Grinding Technologies ensure each shot is optimized for flavor, while the 5-inch touch display simplifies operation—though regular cleaning is necessary to maintain performance. This model is best suited for serious coffee enthusiasts who prioritize variety and convenience. It’s less ideal for users seeking a straightforward machine or with limited space. Pros: Extensive customization, automatic bean recognition, integrated milk frothing, user-friendly display. Cons: Complex setup process, high price, maintenance required.
Verdict: Perfect for dedicated coffee lovers wanting a fully automatic, customizable experience with minimal manual effort.- Bean Recognition Technology: Yes
- Grinding Technology: Adaptive Grinding
- Number of Recipes: 38
- Milk Texture Options: Silky steamed milk to cold froth
- Display: 5-inch touch screen
- Design: Italian
Pros:- Extensive customization options and recipes
- Automatic bean recognition for optimal flavor
- Integrated milk frothing with adjustable textures
- Touchscreen control for easy operation
Cons:- Setup can be complicated for first-time users
- High price point limits accessibility
- Requires regular cleaning and maintenance
Best for: Experienced home baristas who want a fully automatic, customizable coffee experience.
Not ideal for: Casual users or those with limited space seeking a simple, straightforward machine.
- Bean Recognition Technology:Yes
- Grinding Technology:Adaptive Grinding
- Number of Recipes:38
- Milk Texture Options:Silky steamed milk to cold froth
- Display:5-inch touch screen
- Design:Italian
Our verdict“This machine suits serious coffee lovers who desire a high-tech, fully automatic experience with maximum personalization.”
De’Longhi La Specialista Touch Espresso Machine with Coffee Grinder
The De’Longhi La Specialista Touch offers a semi-automatic experience with extensive manual control, making it ideal for coffee enthusiasts who want to hone their barista skills. Its built-in conical burr grinder and real-time guidance differentiate it from simpler machines like the De’Longhi Classic. It offers 10 preset recipes and multiple levels of milk frothing, providing flexibility for personalized drinks. The Thermoblock with PID ensures rapid, stable heating—though its setup can be daunting for beginners and the size requires ample counter space. Compared to fully automatic models, it demands more user involvement but rewards with greater control. This pick makes the most sense for those eager to learn and customize. It’s less suitable for users seeking a straightforward, plug-and-play device. Pros: Extensive personalization, built-in grinder, real-time guidance, fast heat-up. Cons: Complex setup, larger footprint, higher price.
Verdict: Ideal for coffee hobbyists who want to master espresso making with advanced features, despite a steeper learning curve.- Grinder Settings: 15
- Preset Recipes: 10
- Milk Frothing Levels: 5
- Temperature Settings: 4
- Froth Levels: 5
- Bean Profiles: 6
- Pressure: 9-bar
Pros:- Extensive customization and preset options
- Built-in conical burr grinder for fresh grounds
- Automatic milk frothing with manual options
- Fast heating with Thermoblock technology
Cons:- Setup and operation can be overwhelming
- Bulkier design requires ample counter space
- Premium price may be prohibitive
Best for: Home baristas eager to learn and customize their coffee with manual control and guidance.
Not ideal for: Beginners or users with limited space who prefer simple, automatic operation.
- Grinder Settings:15
- Preset Recipes:10
- Milk Frothing Levels:5
- Temperature Settings:4
- Froth Levels:5
- Bean Profiles:6
- Pressure:9-bar
Our verdict“Best suited for motivated coffee enthusiasts who want control and learning opportunities in their espresso experience.”
De’Longhi Classic Matte Black Espresso Machine with Milk Frother
The De’Longhi Classic blends Italian style with straightforward operation, making it perfect for users who want quality espresso without complex features. Its 9-bar pressure system and Thermoblock technology deliver consistent temperature and extraction, comparable in quality to the more feature-rich PrimaDonna. Its compact stainless steel build fits well in smaller kitchens, while the steam wand offers manual control for frothing milk. However, it doesn’t include a built-in grinder, limiting convenience for those who prefer fresh grounds without additional equipment. This model is best for users who prioritize simplicity and reliability but are willing to manually grind their beans. It’s less suited for those seeking a wide range of preset recipes or automation. Pros: Easy to operate, stable temperature control, sleek compact design, manual frothing. Cons: No built-in grinder, limited drink options, requires manual frothing skills.
Verdict: Ideal for espresso lovers who want simplicity, style, and consistent quality without fuss.- Pressure: 9-bar
- Temperature Control: Thermoblock technology
- Frothing System: Steam wand with two settings
- Design: Stainless steel, compact Italian style
- Adjustable Tray: Yes, double height tray
Pros:- Simple to use with preset recipes
- Consistent temperature control
- Sleek, compact design fits smaller spaces
- Manual frothing for barista control
Cons:- No built-in grinder, extra equipment needed
- Limited to espresso and milk drinks
- Requires skill in milk frothing
Best for: Home users who want a stylish, reliable espresso machine with manual frothing and no fuss.
Not ideal for: Beginners or users looking for automatic brewing or built-in grinders.
- Pressure:9-bar
- Temperature Control:Thermoblock technology
- Frothing System:Steam wand with two settings
- Design:Stainless steel, compact Italian style
- Adjustable Tray:Yes, double height tray
Our verdict“Best for those who want a stylish, straightforward espresso machine with manual frothing capabilities.”
De’Longhi La Specialista Arte Evo Espresso Machine with Cold Brew, EC9255M (Renewed)
The De’Longhi La Specialista Arte Evo offers a versatile setup with a built-in burr grinder and cold extraction tech, making it a flexible choice for modern kitchens. Its ability to brew cold coffee in under five minutes sets it apart from typical espresso machines, especially for those who enjoy iced drinks. The inclusion of a barista kit and active temperature control simplifies operation while supporting customization. Compared with fully automatic machines like the PrimaDonna, it offers more manual control but less variety in recipes. It’s best for users who want quick cold brews and a stylish, space-saving design, though the complex features may require some learning. It’s less suited for those seeking a purely automated experience. Pros: Fast cold brew, built-in grinder, stylish compact design, included barista kit. Cons: Learning curve for complex features, renewed product condition may vary, limited preset recipes.
Verdict: Perfect for modern kitchens seeking quick cold brew and versatile espresso options, despite some complexity.- Features: Built-in burr grinder, Cold Extraction Technology, Steam Wand, Barista Kit, Active Temp Control, 4 presets
Pros:- Fast cold brew in under five minutes
- Built-in burr grinder for fresh grounds
- Stylish, compact design
- Includes a professional barista toolkit
Cons:- Features may be complex for some users
- Condition of renewed product can vary
- Limited preset recipes
Best for: Users who want quick cold brew options and stylish versatility in their espresso setup.
Not ideal for: Beginners or those preferring fully automatic, simple machines with minimal features.
- Model:EC9255M
- Features:Built-in burr grinder, Cold Extraction Tech
- Pump Pressure:15 bar
- Color:Not specified
- Material:Not specified
Our verdict“Ideal for modern coffee lovers who value quick cold brew and a sleek, versatile machine with manual control.”
De’Longhi Rivelia Automatic Espresso Machine, Milk Frother, Black
The De’Longhi Rivelia offers a high level of convenience with one-touch operation and dual bean hoppers, making it suitable for households with varied coffee preferences. Its automatic milk frother and guided setup simplify crafting personalized drinks, comparable to the PrimaDonna but with more emphasis on user control through step-by-step guidance. Its dual bean hoppers provide seamless switching between flavors, ideal for households with different tastes. However, its complexity and high price might be barriers for some, and regular cleaning is necessary to maintain quality. Overall, this model is well-suited for coffee lovers who prioritize variety and ease of use, but it may be intimidating for absolute beginners or those with limited space. Pros: One-touch brewing, dual bean hoppers, automatic milk frother, customizable drinks. Cons: Can be complex for new users, high cost, maintenance demands.
Verdict: Perfect for households that want personalized, convenient coffee with minimal fuss but are prepared for regular upkeep.- Bean Hoppers: Two 8.8 oz interchangeable
- Grinder Settings: 13
- Frother: Automatic with LatteCrema Hot System
- Guided Setup: Yes
Pros:- One-touch operation for various drinks
- Dual bean hoppers for flavor variety
- Automatic milk frother with cleaning function
- Personalized drink customization
Cons:- Complex features may overwhelm novices
- Higher price limits accessibility
- Requires regular cleaning and maintenance
Best for: Coffee households seeking personalized drinks and convenience with multiple bean options.
Not ideal for: Absolute beginners or users with limited space who prefer simple machines.
- Bean Hoppers:Two 8.8 oz interchangeable
- Grinder Settings:13
- Frother:Automatic with LatteCrema Hot System
- Guided Setup:Yes
Our verdict“Best for coffee enthusiasts who want a customizable, convenient machine capable of handling multiple flavors and drinks effortlessly.”
How We Picked
Our evaluation focused on performance, usability, build quality, maintenance requirements, and overall value. We compared espresso quality, frothing capabilities, ease of use, and durability across the lineup. Each model was assessed for its target user—whether beginners, busy households, or coffee connoisseurs—and how well it balanced features with price. Our ranking reflects the most versatile and reliable options that meet a range of needs, from simple espresso shots to fully customized beverages.Factors to Consider When Choosing De Longhi Espresso Machines Ranked
When choosing a De Longhi espresso machine, it’s important to consider factors beyond just features. Think about your skill level, how much space you have, and whether you prefer manual control or automation. Understanding these aspects helps avoid common pitfalls, such as overspending on unnecessary features or selecting a machine too complex for your needs. Balance your budget with the desired convenience and maintenance effort to find the best fit.Ease of Use and Automation
Determine whether you want a fully automatic machine that handles grinding, brewing, and frothing at the push of a button, or a semi-automatic model that requires more manual input. Fully automatic options save time and effort but tend to be more expensive and require regular cleaning. Manual or semi-automatic machines offer more control but may have a steeper learning curve. Your comfort level with coffee-making techniques should guide this choice.
Size and Counter Space
Espresso machines vary significantly in footprint. Compact models like the Dedica fit easily into small kitchens but may lack advanced features. Larger, full-featured machines demand more space and are often better suited for dedicated coffee areas. Always measure your available space and consider how often you’ll use the machine to avoid overcrowding your countertop.
Built-in Grinder and Frother
Integrated grinders and milk frothers add convenience but can increase complexity and maintenance. If you prefer fresh coffee with minimal fuss, look for models with high-quality built-in grinders. Conversely, if you already own a separate grinder or prefer manual control over frothing, simpler machines might suit you better. Remember that maintenance of these features is key to long-term performance.
Maintenance and Durability
Espresso machines require regular cleaning to maintain flavor and functionality. Some models feature automatic cleaning cycles, which ease upkeep, while others demand manual descaling and cleaning. Consider the ease of maintenance in your decision, especially if you want a machine that requires minimal ongoing effort. Durability is also vital—look for solid construction and reputable brand reliability to ensure longevity.
Price and Overall Value
Higher-priced machines generally offer more features and better build quality but may not be necessary for casual users. Balance your budget with the features you need most. Sometimes, investing a bit more upfront results in greater satisfaction and fewer frustrations, especially if you plan to use your machine daily. Look for models that provide the best combination of performance and durability for your price point.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a fully automatic espresso machine worth the extra cost?
Fully automatic espresso machines usually come with added convenience, allowing you to brew espresso, froth milk, and sometimes even grind beans with minimal effort. For busy mornings or if you prefer a consistent result, they can be worth the investment. However, they tend to require more maintenance and are generally more expensive. If you enjoy customizing your coffee or prefer more control, semi-automatic or manual models might be better suited and more cost-effective.
Do I need a built-in grinder in my espresso machine?
Having a built-in grinder offers the benefit of freshly ground beans for each shot, which can significantly improve flavor. It also simplifies the setup, saving counter space and reducing clutter. However, built-in grinders can increase the machine’s complexity and maintenance needs. If you already own a quality grinder or prefer pre-ground beans, a machine without a grinder could be a more straightforward, lower-maintenance choice.
How important is frothing capability for my daily espresso routine?
If you enjoy cappuccinos, lattes, or other milk-based drinks, a good frothing system is essential. Some De Longhi models include automatic steam wands that produce rich, consistent foam, while others have manual frothers that require more skill. For those who prefer straightforward espresso shots without milk, a basic machine without frothing features may be sufficient and easier to clean.
Are compact models as durable as larger, more expensive machines?
While compact models like the Dedica are designed to save space, they can still be quite durable if made with quality materials. However, they often lack the robust build of larger, full-featured machines and may have fewer components that withstand frequent use. For light to moderate use, a well-built compact machine can serve well, but heavy daily use might favor a larger, more industrial design for longevity.
What features are most worth paying extra for in a De Longhi espresso machine?
The most valuable features depend on your preferences, but generally, a high-quality built-in grinder, automatic milk frother, and user-friendly interface deliver the best experience. Investing in a machine with durable construction and reliable heating systems ensures longevity. For those who prioritize convenience and consistency, paying more for automation and advanced brewing options typically yields the greatest satisfaction and fewer frustrations over time.
Conclusion
For casual coffee drinkers or those new to espresso, the De’Longhi Dedica offers simplicity and affordability without sacrificing quality. Serious enthusiasts or busy households will benefit from the De’Longhi Eletta Explore, which combines automation with versatility. For those seeking the best overall experience, the De’Longhi Dinamica Plus balances performance and ease of use. Premium buyers interested in ultimate customization and durability should consider the De’Longhi PrimaDonna Aromatic. Selecting the right machine depends on your skill level, space, and how much you value convenience versus control. With this guide, you can identify the best fit for your coffee routine and budget.
Fall Picks
fall essentials
As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.
